A tabloid newspaper Essays

A tabloid newspaper Essays A tabloid newspaper Paper A tabloid newspaper Paper Tabloid and Broadsheet Newspapers both report the same stories in very different ways because of the differing groups of readers they appeal to. I am going to compare the ways that the story of a woman who was shot is reported in two papers (The Independent and The Sun). Broadsheet papers tend to go into a large amount of background detail; the Independent said Mr Nuffer who was born in Canada, lived in Enfield, North London. He joined the Metropolitan Police in 1984 but decided to take a career break in July 1991 to go to Australia. Broadsheet papers do this to keep the reader reading on and to paint a fuller picture in their mind. They do this because the types of readers broadsheet papers appeal to like to know the whole story to be satisfied. Tabloid newspapers ten to go into little detail: the Sun says Dale a policeman in East London for six years. This is done so that the reader is focused on the real point and not swayed by extra information. This is because the type of reader a tabloid newspapers appeal to skims over stories for easy reading, and if the main point is not stressed enough it will not be taken away by the reader. What more in the tabloid newspaper the information given differs; the tabloid paper says he was a policeman in East London whereas the broadsheet papers says he was a policeman in Enfield, East London. This proves the amount of research and attention to detail that goes into each paper differs greatly. On the other hand broadsheets use basic captions underneath their pictures; the Independent said Susan Kirby: Travel round the World which doesnt give much insight into the story. This is done because broadsheet readers prefer to read the story through whereas tabloid readers tend to skim the story and only want to know the interesting parts. The Sun said Gunned down.. Susan. This attracts attention and adds drama with i. e. the dramatic pause. Another device that tabloid papers use is informal language; instead of calling Dale Nuffer by his full name they call him Dale. This familiarises the reader with the person in the story and makes the reader feel more emotion towards his problem. This would appeal to a tabloid reader. However the broadsheet paper calls Dale Nuffer by his formal name i. e. Mr Nuffer. This is done to gie the article status because the targeted audience prefer to address people correctly. Tabloid papers use strong headlines. The Sun said Hero PC grabs thief who shot tourist Sue. The word hero is used because it is a very dramatic work as well as grabs. These words attract large amounts of attention. This is done because tabloid papers are filled with lots of short stories that fight for attention. In opposition broadsheet papers use informative headlines. The Independent says English woman shot on round world trip. This emphasises the issue at hand rather than the hero that The Sun puts the emphasis on. This keeps more to the point rather than dramatising the situation. To keep to the point broadsheet papers use less opinion. This is because broadsheet papers like The Independent leave the readers to make up their own mind, as they are supposedly more intelligent. They do not make a heroine and a bad guy of the situation. The Independent said A man has been accused of the shooting whereas The Sun says Its a mad horrible world we live in. This shows more opinion and makes the story more personal to the reader. This quote is also an example of a hyperbole, which is very common in tabloid papers such as The Sun. Hyperboles exaggerate and dramatise the situation, which is why tabloid papers use them as they try to make the reader feel for the situation. In contrast Broadsheet papers use accurate statements. The Independent does this when it says An English woman was shot. This again lets the reader make up their own mind as to who is the victim, bad guy, hero and so on. This is because readers of the The Independent buy the paper so that they can be told the story and decide for themselves the biases and opinions they want to form rather than be led to them, which is what readers of The Sun, are looking for. Another way that tabloid papers put forward their biases is by using loaded words. The Sun said gunned down. This implies to the reader that a ruthless action took place, which left the woman down and helpless. The makes the readers biases god hand in hand with The Suns. The Independent on the other hand uses neutral language and states she was shot in the stomach. This does not put the blame on any party but simply states that the action taken place. This adds fluency to the story by not throwing the blame in one direction at a hasty speed then going neutral and then throwing blame at the believed guilty party as tabloid papers can do. Tabloid papers also use more monosyllabic words than broadsheet papers, which use more polysyllabic words. In The Sun it uses words like kill, mad, guy, rough stuff. Monosyllabic words are used more often in tabloid papers as it makes it easy for the reader to understand the plot and does not confuse them with in depth, polysyllabic words. This also reflects on the intended reader in that they buy the paper for a quick easy read rather than an in depth read. The Independent uses words such as visitors, English, fashionable, probably and this is because the target audience are looking for more of a challenging read than tabloid papers offer. Tabloid papers often use slang to relate to their readers. The Sun says British bobby which would appeal to an average tabloid audience. Whereas broadsheet papers use Standard English as it is accessible to the reader. The Independent says An English woman was shot with a small calibre pistol. This also makes the article more accessible to people who may speak English but are not familiar with British slang e. g. Australians, Americans. Tabloid papers are also very nationalistic. The Sun says British Bobby as the first two words in the article. Tabloid papers are written to appeal only to the British public and the British public that they appeal to are only interested in thing that may affect them or that they may know about. This makes them want to read on, as they want to believe that the British Bobby saved the day and reinforce their patriotic view that English people are amazing and heroic. In The Independent it says Mr Nuffer was born in Canada and lived in Enfield. This shows fore neutral nationality and makes it more accessible to all nationalities and doesnt glorify the British. Broadsheets also dont bend the truth to make the article more interesting to the British Public. Similarly broadsheet papers use bare facts or events. The Independent says twenty six year old Susan. This helps to build details and a full account of the occurrence so that the reader can make and informed decision by himself. Whereas tabloid papers use emotion e. g. The Sun says horrible. This is used as it makes the story more interesting and lets the reader connect with the article and the feelings in it. Tabloid papers do use humour. The Sun says rough stuff which keeps the reader feeling light-hearted and makes the article more fun and jolly, which a tabloid reader enjoys. Broadsheets tend to keep it serious. The Independent says the bullet cut into arteries and she lost a lot of blood. This gives the paper status, as it sounds like a doctor speaking or someone who knows a lot about medical matters and this appeals to their audience.

Molecular Mechanisms, Symptoms and Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis The WritePass Journal

Molecular Mechanisms, Symptoms and Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis Abstract Molecular Mechanisms, Symptoms and Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis AbstractIntroductionMolecular MechanismsSymptomsFutureConclusionReferencesRelated Abstract Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease that causes a dysfunctional cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR) to be produced. This essay firstly will focus on the mutations of this defective protein and the intracellular effects. It will then consider the symptoms of the disease that can be observed including pulmonary, gastrointestinal, endocrine and reproductive problems. Then focus will be on the current treatment methods which target the consequences of the CFTR dysfunction such as phlegm retention and infection and the new treatment methods which treat the underlying CFTR defect such as targeting the trafficking of the protein. Introduction Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive inherited disease caused by a gene defect on chromosome seven that is responsible for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR). This is found in the apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells in the lungs, sweat glands, pancreas amongst other tissues. This causes dysfunctional CFTR to be produced leading to a thick sticky mucus causing a recurrent cough, frequent lung infections by bacteria such as Psuedomonas aeruginosa and digestive problems. More than 1,500 mutations have been found including DF508 which is the most common, caused by a deletion of phenylalanine. The mutant allele was first isolated in 1989 and since then life expectancy has improved greatly to between 31 and 37 years old and is still increasing today. Numerous mutations have been identified which are classed differently (class I – VI) depending on how the dysfunctional protein is handled within the cell. Molecular Mechanisms Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disease which means both parents must be heterozygous carriers of the CF allele in order for the offspring to have a 25% chance of inheriting the disease, or 50% of being a carrier (figure 1). There are over 1,500 observed mutations of the CFTR protein but the majority of these are rare. The most common mutation is caused by a deletion of phenyl-alanine in position 508 (DF508) which accounts for 66% of CF cases.[1] The CF mutations are grouped into 6 classes depending on their functional consequences within the cell (table 1)[2]and the DF508 belongs to class II. Classes I III are more common and often have associated pancreatic insufficiency though class IV-VI are more rare and these patients are normally pancreatic sufficient.[1] The DF508 for example produces a misfolded CFTR and is recognised within the cell endoplasmic reticulum as an abnormal protein, leading to it being proteolytically degraded in the proteasome. This results in only small amounts of CFTR reaching the plasma membrane but this has a short half life leading to an insufficiency of chloride transport. The misfolded CFTR leads to a protein trafficking problem, hence new drugs that aim to rescue the protein from ER degradation could be therapeutic strategies to re-develop intracellular protein movement.[2] Since different mutations lead to different problems with the CTFR protein, certain treatment strategies may only work on a small proportion of patients. Table 1: Different classes of CFTR mutations and the effects of each intracellularly   – adapted from O’Sullivan, B.P. Freedman, S.D. (2009) Cystic Fibrosis. Lancet 373: 1891-904 There are several hypotheses as to how this CFTR mutation causes the disease known as cystic fibrosis. The first is the low-volume hypothesis. The loss of inhibition of sodium channels causes excess sodium and water reabsorption causing dehydration of airway surface materials and lack of a compensatory mechanism. This lower water volume causes inhibition of normal ciliary and cough clearance of the mucus and plaques form that harbour bacteria. Secondly, the salt hypothesis believes excess sodium and chloride are retained in airway surface liquid and the increased concentration of chloride disrupts the innate antibiotic molecules so bacteria persist. Thirdly, it is hypothesised disease is due to the dysregulation of host inflammatory response which is backed up by the abnormally high concentration of inflammatory mediators found in children as young as 4 weeks who appear disease free. Finally, the increased presence of asialo-GM1 receptors in apical membranes allow increased binding o f P. aeruginosa and S. aureus without the rapid self-limiting innate immune response since in normal patients it is believed the binding of bacteria to functioning CFTR generates an innate immune response which would not function in CF patients. This is made worse by the combination of increased bacterial binding. The CFTR gene defect causes absent or malfunctioning CTFR protein causing abnormal chloride conductance on apical membrane of epithelial cells in the lungs. [1] CFTR belongs to a family of transmembrane proteins called adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporters and is a chloride channel.[2] It also has several other functions such as inhibition of sodium transport through sodium channels in the epithelium, regulation of ATP channels, regulation of intracellular vesicle transport, acidification of intracellular organelles and inhibition of endogenous calcium activated chloride channels. In the lungs, this dysfunctional CFTR causes airway surface liquid depletion leading to decreased ciliary stability and ciliary collapse with decreased mucociliary transport causing phlegm retention, infection and inflammation of the airways. Increased cAMP levels leads to phosphorylation of CFTR causing chloride transport but since this is not functioning in CF patients the chloride channel fails to open and respond to cAMP (a second messenger). This causes a decreased secretion of Cl⠁ » into the lumen airway so excessive water and sodium is absorbed. This cannot cross the epithelial membrane due to the osmotic gradient created leading to increased viscosity of mucus. Local mediators that are secreted onto airway surface liquid help regulate the surface liquid volume as they induce CFTR dependent and independent chloride secretion. The alternative chloride channel mediates chloride secretion since the P2Y receptor is activated by ATP in both CF and non CF epithelium which is triggered by movement. Respiratory syncytical viruses that may infect the airways have increased ATPase activity so more ATP is broken down; the loss of this compensatory mechanism that would activate the alternative chloride channel has a negative effect on airway clearance becoming a problem in CF patients. Symptoms Cystic fibrosis can be diagnosed at different stages of a child’s life; newborn testing occurs as standard since all babies are tested by a heel-prick blood sample as part of the Guthrie test and antenatal testing is carried out on women considered to be high risk of having a child with CF. Carrier testing is a mouthwash test to establish if each parent is a carrier and a genetic test via a swab on the inside of the cheek probes for 40 of the most common CF mutations which correctly diagnoses 90% of cases. One further test is to test the sweat on the skin of babies or children since patients with CF have a high salt concentration in the sweat and CF can be diagnosed if the salt concentration is above 60 mmol/L – this is because CFTR resorbes chlorine into cells of sweat glands and if this is dysfunctional this cannot occur. General symptoms that lead to a diagnosis include a family history, salty-skin, clubbing of the toes and fingers, a cough with sputum production, mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated – repeated chest infections, diarrhoea and poor weight gain. The further symptoms can be grouped into the organ they affect from pulmonary to gastrointestinal, digestive system, endocrine and reproductive symptoms. Pulmonary symptoms are perhaps the most obvious and commonly associated with the disease. A thick secretion of high levels of mucus into the lungs occurs which leads to frequent bronchial infections and a recurrent cough. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are the most commonly isolated bacteria and can be found at high affinities in CF lungs. It is the failure of the mucosal defence system to clear these organisms that is the issue. Early studies suggested P. aeruginosa binds to CF epithelial cells at higher density than normal individuals due to more asialo-GM1 receptors in CF patients, however other theories hypothesised CFTR itself is a receptor for the bacteria that mediates intracellular uptake of the bacteria and killing of it that would be absent in patients with defective CFTR protein. Current studies however suggest the bacteria are present on the mucus layer on respiratory epithelial cells rather than the cell membranes making it unlikely this is the case. It was hypothesised salt-sensitive cationic antimicrobial peptides called defensins could not function in CF patients if the luminal side of the epithelium has an increased sodium chloride concentration. This seems unlikely though as not all defensins are salt sensitive. It is now thought dehydration of the airway surface liquid impairs cilia functioning and mucociliary clearance so inhaled bacteria colonise. Furthermore CF sputum has below normal oxygen levels that switch P. aeruginosa from non-mucoid to mucoid form that is resistant to host defences.[3] â€Å"The persistence of chronic P. aeruginosa infections in cystic fibrosis patients is due to biofilm growing mucoid strains.† [4] These biofilms exhibit increased tolerance to antibiotics and resist phagocytosis as well as parts of the innate and adaptive immune system. This leads to complex-mediated chronic inflammation which can cause lung damage. The bacteria are also so persistent as the mutate and have low metabolic ra tes and increased doubling times.[5] In the gastrointestinal tract, several problems occur throughout life. At the newborn stage, some babies may need an operation to remove mucus that is obstructing the bowel – a condition known as meconium ileus. Pancreatic insufficiency is also seen causing symptoms such as greasy stools, flatulence, abdominal bloating, poor weight gain and fat soluble vitamin deficiency with malnutrition. Since it is hard to digest food, malnutrition can occur which causes poor growth, physical weakness and delayed puberty.   This requires a pancreatic enzyme therapy with high calorie intake to manage. Older patients’ may develop an intestinal obstruction and the lack of absorption of vitamins A, D, E and K can lead to conditions such as anaemia, neuropathy and osteoporosis. The endocrine system can sometimes be affected in later life due to obstruction of the pancreatic ducts due to thickened secretions. As pancreatic disease develops the proportion of islet cells declines leading to a lack of insulin production where the blood sugar cannot be controlled which is then diagnosed as CF related diabetes mellitus, with symptoms such as constant thirst, hunger, weight loss and urination, however CF diabetes is not the same as type 1 and 2 diabetes. The reproductive system in women patients does not seem to be affected and they still produce healthy eggs, in men however the sperm ducts are blocked leading to male infertility. Some other symptoms include frequent sinusitis and hay fever that requires nasal spray or antibiotics and adults may develop nasal polyps. Incontinence can sometimes develop and in some patients bile ducts in the liver become blocked by mucus and the patient may require a liver transplant. Treatment Current Treatment of cystic fibrosis currently focuses on the consequences of the CFTR dysfunction such as phlegm retention, infection and inflammation though new strategies target the underlying gene defect. Currently, physiotherapy is one main treatment strategy used in combination with other management techniques. The thick sticky mucus secretions that block the airway in CF patients causing infections and coughing can be dislodged either by mechanical chest thumps or autogenic drainage and positive expiratory pressure. Physiotherapy is needed every day from between 15 and 50 minutes depending on the level of mucus present. Physical activity is also important as it prevents deterioration of the lungs and increases bulk and strength. Medication is used to treat cystic fibrosis such as lung medication including bronchiodilator drugs to open airways by relaxing the surrounding muscles, relieving tightness and shortening of breath and can be taken by being inhaled in nebulisers, taken orally or intravenously. Other medication includes antibiotics to treat persistent pulmonary infections, steroids to reduce inflammation of the airways and DNase to break down the mucus making it easier for the body to digest. Repeated pulmonary infections and thick mucus secretions can become so severe that the patient may need a lung transplant and possibly a heart or liver transplant also. Due to the nutritional problems associated with the disease, enzyme pills are taken with every meal and snack to replace pancreatic enzymes so more energy is gained from the food since there is a lack of digestive enzymes hence less nutrients can be absorbed from the food. These problems occur due to blocking of the small channels carrying digestive juices by mucus causing enzymes to build up in the pancreas that damages it over time. Nutritional supplements may also be given such as high energy drinks, and insulin may be necessary if the patient develops CF related diabetes mellitus. A suitable diet that is high in calories is also required to ensure adequate energy is gained. The lack of mineral absorption can lead to osteoporosis – weakening of the bones – which can be treated with bisphosphonates. Future There are a variety of new treatment possibilities targeting the underlying gene defect in the transmembrane receptor rather than downstream effects. Anti inflammatory drugs are one option due to persistent endobronchial inflammation in patients. The first main possibility is CF transmembrane regulator replacement therapy. This has already been tested using a variety of vectors such as adneoviruses, adeno-associated viruses and cationic lipids to transfect the functioning gene into epithelial cells. Some successful gene transfer has been seen into airway epithelial cells however it was short-lived CFTR expression and was hard to prove the link between improvement in CFTR function and clinical manifestations. The issue is it is yet unknown how much improvement in CTFR function is needed in order to make a big difference. The current research now focuses on the correct vector to use to minimise adverse effects and increase expression time – this is difficult as viral vectors hav e good transfection rates but more adverse effects and as multi dose therapy would be needed, virus-specific immune responses would devleop whereas liposomal vectors have less negative effects but worse transfection rates. [6] A second option being researched currently is CFTR pharmacotherapy involving drugs with affect intracellular trafficking of CFTR. This would not work for all patients due to the specific classes of mutations so it is of limited benefit. Class I mutations are stop mutations that decrease or eliminate production of CFTR. Aminoglycosides induce read through of premature stop codons so would produce a full length functioning CFTR protein, these can be topically applied and an improvement in CFTR functioning has been seen however the concentration needed is high and adverse effects mean they are not clinically suitable. An alternative to this includes PTC 124 – premature termination codon – which acts in a similar way but lacks toxicity. Class II mutations have misfolded CFTR and the trafficking of these is impaired due to proteosomic degradation; this CFTR does have chloride transport function however it is prematurely degraded and most does not reach the membrane. This giv es a   new target – drugs which reduce degradation of the misfolded protein and increase trafficking to the membrane – and libraries of chemical agents are being screened for applicants. Class III mutations have a reduced probability of opening the CFTR channel but these are rarer. Compounds which activate CFTR would aid class III mutations such as VX770 (a potentiator) that is being used in trials for patients with the G551D mutation that could show improvements in function of the CFTR as well as reduced sweat chloride concentration. However effects in class II may also be seen if used in combination with a corrector compound that brings CFTR to the surface and then the potentiator can activate it. [7] Option three involves opening alternative chloride channels to compensate for the lack of function of the CFTR channel. CFTR is not the only chloride transport channel in a membrane, a calcium-dependent chloride channel also secretes chloride in epithelial cells and increasing the activity of this may be an option so enough chloride transport occurs in the cell. Two drugs have shown to have an ability to do this via the P2Y receptor. First of these is denufusol, which bypasses the defective channel and activates the alternative chloride transporter – â€Å"This activation results in an increase in airway surface epithelial hydration, and through these actions and effects on cilia beat frequency, increases mucociliary clearance†[8] and has been shown to be an early intervention strategy when inhaled. The second of these drugs is lacovutide (Moli990) increases intracellular calcium level and activates alternative chloride channels, it does not bind with receptors but inst ead interacts with phospholipids on the plasma membrane. The CFTR protein has several functions chloride transport, inhibiting sodium transport as well as regulation of ATP channels. Inhibition of sodium absorption was hypothesised as a treatment option however amiloride (an epithelial sodium channel blocker with a short half life) was shown to have no clinical benefit and a tendency to decreased lung function. Studies on mice have shown when given as an early intervention the disease progression was prevented, however there is little evidence to show this in humans. An improvement may be seen in a blocker with a longer half life. Finally, airway surface liquid rehydration could improve the inadequate water content of the surface liquid by increasing the airway fluid layer with an inhaled osmotic agent. Hypertonic saline was found to have a positive effect on mucociliary transport and lung function due to induction of coughing and hydrating the mucus and new evidence has shown it also increased depth of the airway surface liquid. Inhaled powdered mannitol is an alternative. Effectiveness is limited to those with established lung disease but again, early intervention may prove more effective.   [9] Conclusion Cystic fibrosis is a lifelong eventually fatal disease caused by a genetic defect in the CFTR protein. How this protein functions and which factor is responsible for all the symptoms seen in CF patients is not yet confirmed though it is clear the dehydration if airway surface liquid causing the thick mucus that is hard to dislodge and harbours biofilms of bacteria leading to frequent infection is a major factor. Current treatment strategies target the downstream effects of CF such as the phlegm retention and make the disease manageable. The new development of drugs targeting the underlying defect is occurring with some in clinical trials though the benefit to each patient is unknown. This is because of the diversity of mutations and varying symptoms within each patient making this a difficult disease to treat. References O’Sullivan, B.P. Freedman, S.D. (2009) Cystic Fibrosis. Lancet 373: 1891-904 Ratjen, F. (2009) Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis and Future Treatment Strategies. Respiratory Care 54: 595-605 cftrust.org.uk/aboutcf/whatiscf/    CF trust Kellerman D, Rossi Mospan A, Engels J, Schaberg A, Gorden J, Smiley L, Denufosol: a review of studies with inhaled P2Y(2) agonists that led to Phase 3.( Pulm Pharmacol Therapeutics. 2008 Aug;21(4):600-7. Epub 2007 Dec 31) Development, Inspire Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 200, Durham, NC, USA. [emailprotected] ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18276176 Hoiby N, Ciofu O, Bjarnsholt T, Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in cystic fibrosis, (Future Microbiology 2010 Nov;5(11):1663-74) Department of Clinical Microbiology 9301, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 22, Copenhagen, Denmark. [emailprotected] ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21133688 Stryer, Berg, Tymoczko, Biochemistry, 6th edition, Freeman Griffiths, Wessler, Lewonitin, Carroll, Introduction to Genetic Analysis, 9th edition, Freeman Pocock and Richards, Human Physiology, 3rd edition, Oxford Publishing

Strategic Management (n) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Management (n) - Essay Example al 2004). This dominant position was captured by Japanese manufacturers, in the later years of the 19th century, by providing more efficient and low cost cars using the ‘lean’ production systems. Over the years the car manufacturing has evolved a lot, with companies trying all means (including mergers and acquisitions) to reduce manufacturing costs and increasing efficiencies. The production bases of most manufacturers are shifting from developed economies to low cost Asian economies which are also providing them with huge customer base on account of their high economic growth. The 2009 financial crisis has further reduced demand in US and Europe. To save the industry, governments doled out huge packages and today they hold stakes in these firms. For example, US government holds 8% stake in Chrysler (sub5zero.com, 2010). This industry is greatly impacted by the government regulations. For example, there have been a number of emission norms set by the US government to address the environment concerns. Similarly the European countries have also been passing emission norms (Euro 1, 2 and so on) which the car manufacturers have to comply with. The emerging markets have also started passing such regulations. Besides these emission norms, governments also pass mileage per gallon laws and passenger safety laws. Car industry is highly sensitive to the economic scenario of a country or an individual. A car is seen more as a status symbol than as a requirement. Hence the consumers are likely to postpone their buying decision in case of financial crisis. A study by Frost & Sullivan (2010) shows that â€Å"in general recessions in this industry last for two to three years†. As per data trends (appendix fig. 1), the low demand resulting from the 2009 crisis will also follow similar trend. The study also shows that demand in key global markets has gone down by 14% on account of the crisis (appendix fig.4). The industry

Robot cop in the future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Robot cop in the future - Essay Example that has the ability of movement and carrying out of various activities (depending on their structure) and in this case, the activities of a cop which is to protect, serve his country and its inhabitants and maintain peace and order in the society and it is usually remotely controlled by Man. There are several advantages that are accompanied with robotic cops in place of humans. One of these includes the protection of human lives. The crime rates in numerous cities in the United States continue to increase along with the leniency on gun control therefore increase the vulnerability of police officers. Robots are artificial and cannot be killed but can be only destroyed. Also they will be in a better position to save lives because they have no feelings or emotions and as a result can go places or do things which humans will not be able to accomplish. Robots also have a higher work rate and efficiency than humans. They can also be programmed to meet certain attention requirements. This is essential in police as they may be required to work long hours which can result in attention lapses. Therefore robots are far more superior to humans in this aspect. Robot cops are not human, they don`t get tired meaning they could work more hours than human cops and could carry out extreme duties that are unfit for a human without any complain of fatigue and injury. In addition, they will be a safer bet in certain situations that will inflict panic in a normal human cop. For example, in cases of bank robberies, they are capable of reacting and fighting criminals in a situation where a human cop will be forced to surrender. There are also other physiological advantages that exist. Humans have many sociological commitments such as family and will require some days away from work. In addition they are also subject to falling ill in certain situations. However, robots do not have such issues and can work on a constant basis as crime can occur at anytime irrespective of the health of

Starting a small business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Starting a small business - Essay Example Small businesses are of advantage because they can be started on a very low cost and investment and also on a part time basis. These businesses are mostly popular in all the countries but they exceed in number in developing countries. There are many organizations which offer help while developing and starting a new business in the market. Internet businesses can very well be termed as small businesses and can be established easily because of their nature. When starting a small business, one of the major important decisions one has to take is the selection of the location. This is one of the riskiest decisions an individual takes while starting the business. Usually the trend has been observed that people prefer to install their businesses in the area of their hometown. This place is closer to their family and friends. There are many reasons for this choice. The first or the foremost is the personal reason according to which people usually don't want to leave their hometown and develop a business away from their families when they can happily to do in their own vicinity closer to people they love and care about. While taking such a crucial step in life, one needs their family the most (Perri, 2006).

Vegetarian Diet Is It Good Or Bad Philosophy Essay

Vegetarian Diet Is It Good Or Bad Philosophy Essay God has created food in different varieties and there are different ways to obtain it, so it was clearly easy to anyone to differentiate in the way theyre obtaining there food and how they want to cook it and how they want to eat it. For instance we can say that some people might like to have their meat meal from a choose of different categories like well done, medium or rare, but rare makes up for the minority number of people. In other words its just as some people have got the privilege to eat meat some choose not to have a small amount of meat or even any meat at all, these people undergoes the title vegetarians, vegetarians can also be called veggies or vegans but both of the names both lead to a same meaning. Some vegetarians choose to be so in order to avoid the slaughtering and vigorous killing of living organisms and some of them are veggies just because they dont like the taste of a meat itself, also some may be forced to avoid eating meat and thats because of a medical iss ue or any motherly forced environment .Vegetarians and being one of them has its own pros and cons, like for instance its claimed by some people that vegetarian diet is considered to be healthier than a meat including diet but fights and rumors keeps subjecting this case mainly, as for example we can use as a start that a vegetarian diet lacks the mighty highly needed component the vita D12 which is essentially needed by the body and needs to be taken in diet in a way or another and on the other hand being a vegetarian effects the current personnel social life and these people are mostly left singled and alone in our now daily community and are often more criticized than meat eating ones. Another name could be given to non meat eaters (vegetarians) is to be the people who practice not to eat meat, fish and any milk products or even eggs. a commercial name that is currently used by vegetarians is veggies. According to the vegetarian union , the word vegetarian has never been there before 1840 i.e its not an ancient tradition its just 150 years old and the word itself was considered an official word that can be used world widely at the 1847 at a meeting of a society of vegeterians at the UK. Vegetarians are found throughout the whole global world, and they are categorized by different areas,relegions,cultures,and race. For example vegetarians can also be differentiated into two different subsidiaries lacto vegeterians and ovo lacto vegetarians also we have got the Islamic type of vegeterians which are given the name Halal vegeterians.To start with the difference between lacto and ovo lacto its a slight one though but it makes up two complete different communities so lacto vegetarians type are the traditional vegetarians that doesnt come close or eat anything that contains meat nor any dairy products unlike the ovo lacto in which this category of vegans can easily drink dairy products and can still follow the title vegetarians and these are mainly in the western countries so its not like all vegetarians never eat anything living, so coming back to the halal vegetarian which is currently and mainly followed by the middle eastern community (The Islamic community) and this b ranch of vegetarians forces its people to eat meat under certain Islamic laws and the meat or any living thing eaten must follow a certain Islamic procedures without having the free privilege to eat that meat. Some other people are forced ot become vegetarians because of their religion, like jews,Judaism, Jews follow some guidelines that they are forced to follow same as how we mention halal vegan diet in Islam. But in case Jews follow the guidelines in which its mentioned there the types of diet they are allowed to have and which is prohibited to them, this sort of food diet is given the name Kosher. Its also divided into several divisions in which some have meat and some dont and some just have dairy products and some dairy products are not allowed and some are just allowed in small amounts so their aint a single type of kosher diet. A huge step like turning to a vegetarian takes place under a series of vital reasons, it can be because of sympathizing with animals and them being slaughtered, well after all this is not considered the only reason that might make people turn from a normal diet to a vegetarian diet, some just tunr to being a vegan due to health problem or digestion problems like stomach pain or ulcers and the fact that eating less meat doesnt affect the body negatively as much as eating excessive meat can cause to a human personnel. And as discussed by the professor doctor Yasser ashour the dean of physiology that excessive meat and some people stomach sensitive to meat may suffer sleeping disorders,nausea,headache,even diarrhea. So being a vegetarian might also have a positive effect to some people around us excluding the fact of that are they forced to be a diet are they choose to be on their own. However some doctors and therapists may order the human personnel to immediately stop eating meat due to a disease or a tumor. Also meat eating can be limited when a person notice3s that hes suffering from high cholesterol level or high fat level as if he continues on consuming meat and being a meat eater, fat and cholesterol deposition may occur in the main arteries and may cause atherosclerosis and blood clot. Not eating meats stops many important life factors from being in a human life, as the vegetarian diet lacks a lot of meat important contents which is important for normal human growth and normal body functions. Its just like god created goats to eat green food, lions to feed on meat, trees to feed on soil contents and humans to feed on both meat and vegetables ,this must happen to maintain a stable life cycle. Back to meat important components is the vita B12, which is important for cell replication and movment,formation of white and red blood cells, it also plays a vital rule in pregnancy and to maintain the optimum growth of the fetus inside his mum umbilical region. The international vegetarian union stated that vita b12 is needed for optimum growth of a human being and that vitab12 can never be obtained from plants unless these plants are infected, they also stated that the human body doesnt require huge amounts of vita b12 in fact a 1 microgram a day is more than enough to maint ain a constant body fluidity. Which in fact shows the vital importance of vita b12 and that a deficiency in it is considered a huge problem and mainly effects the life of the personnel lacking it by causing sever nerve damages and neurogenic disorders which may lead to serious shocks for ex: Hypovelmic shock in which the body keeps internally draining blood. Although some vegetarians excluded all the above facts and stated that vita b12 can be actually maintained and compensated with a mixture of a nutritional yeast, although in the other hand vegetarians also claimed that the deficiency of vita b12 can be replaced by vitamin pills at which they actually excluded that the vitamin pills itself is made from an organic living content as we mentioned above vita b12 cant be obtained from any diet except a meat containing diet. On the other hand excluding the vita b12 importance vegetarians are also supplemented to a deficiency of an important fatty acid which can only be obtained by havi ng a diet containing fish. It was also proved by the anthropology researchers that humans who were found thousands of years ago who used to eat meat are identified with their large brains than those who didnt eat meat,it was explained in an article Human evolutionary anatomy by Aiello ,leslie christpher dean, It was explained that the main reason to proper growth of body and brain was known by our ancestors by eating meat which was considered the most high source of energy ,power, and calories and in fact was a main meal so as a result of people nowadays claiming to be vegetarians they are the reasons of them having smaller brains and also occupying a smaller mass than our old ancestor due to a decrease in body figure which is caused by a decrease in the main energy source which is meat. Some people turn into vegetarians to avoid the killing of animals. On the contrary, to serve the vegetarian diet, deforestation is needed to provide land for crops. As a result many animals will be homeless; being vegetarian has nothing to do with saving animals. Vegetarian diet kills animals too. Some of these animals are rabbits and mice. Also deforestation may cause soil erosion and water floods which may lead to severe extinction in some animal species and gives room for natural selection and may also lead to the death of water creatures. Another misconception about being vegetarian is that vegetarians live more than non-vegetarians. However, according to oxford vegetarians may live one to three years more than non vegeterians according to scientific researches. Vegetarians diet has decreased cholesterol and fatty acids level and the decrease in diet of meat and fish needs to be compensated by taking nutritional pills, which might be harmful and might negatively affect the personnel health. Socially, vegetarians are afraid of peoples sarcasm since some people see that as an awkward situation. Its only enclosed to adults, but also children are sometimes forced to eat meat by their colleagues or by just some sort of school bully. When a vegetarian is around people may act differently either being so nice and supporting or being really sarcastic. There are several ways in which animals are being killed before being supplied as food for use to easily buy and eat. these ways are divided into 2 main ways Mainstream way in which the animals are firstly stunned mechanically or by gas or even by electricity and then they are left unconscious and moved to another place where their throat is being cut off and then they are sent to the butchers to cut the meat into small pieces or left as a whole to be sold to meat companies or a other butcher shops, this was is commonly used in the uk following the prescribed Eu community of the Uk. This method of killing is considered inhumanly as for some cases the animals may wake up from the unconsciousness stage a might be fully conscious and feel the pain. this method is used with most animals even rabbits and other farmed animals. the other method is the ritual method in which the animal is being strangely hit till it looses consciousness but the darks side of that is that the animal may also gain back conscious before their throats are being cut off and may also suffer which is against the animal rights agencies. At last, it is agreed on that vegetarians are healthier than the non vegetarians due to their highly decreased percentage of fat and cholesterol usage level in the blood but as it is below normal, vegetarians should compensate this deficiency by taking some pills which is extracted from a non animal source. Nevertheless, it doesnt cause increasing their life spam as people may think. On the other hand, the pleasure of having a meat containing diet is being missed by vegans and that there is no religion forbidden eating meat unless it is done under each religions certain laws of eating it. In relation to the above, if animals should or must be killed then not by those painful means mentioned, instead by merciful means that doesnt put them through pain, and for people who are planning to turn to vegetarians take care of the deficiencies and dont let saving animals and caring for them lead u to miscarriage of yourself and ending yourself up in a poorer situation than an animal itself.

Kohlbergs Moral Development Essay -- Psychology Psychological Lawrenc

Kohlberg’s Moral Development   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lawrence Kohlberg was born in Bronxville, New York on October 25, 1927. He was born into a wealthy family and enjoyed all of the luxuries that the rich lifestyle had to offer including the finest college prep schools. However, Kohlberg was not too concerned with this lifestyle. Instead he became a sailor with the merchant marines. During World War II, Kohlberg played an instrumental role in smuggling Jews through a British blockade in Palestine. It was during these times that Kohlberg first began thinking about moral reasoning, a subject that would later make him famous. After this Kohlberg enrolled at the University of Chicago where he scored so high on admission test that he only had to take a limited number of courses to earn his bachelor’s degree. This he did in one year. Kohlberg remained at the University Chicago as a graduate student. In 1958, Kohlberg completed his Ph.D. which dealt with moral decision making and was based primarily on the earlier w ork of Jean Piaget. The result was his doctoral dissertation, the first rendition of his new stage theory. Later he served as an assistant professor at Yale University from 1959 to 1961, began teaching at the University of Chicago in 1963. He remained at Chicago until his 1967 appointment to the faculty of Harvard University, where he served as professor of education and social psychology until his death in 1987.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of our inner standards take the form of judgments as to what is right and what is wrong. They constitute the moral and ethical principles by which we guide our conduct. Lawrence Kohlberg refined, extended, and revised Piaget’s basic theory of the development of moral values. Like Piaget, Kohlberg focused on the moral judgements in children rather than their actions. The manner in which moral judgments develop has been studied extensively by Kohlberg, through the questioning of boys seven years old and up. Kohlberg presented his subjects with a number of hypothetical situations involving moral question like the following. If a man’s wife is dying for lack of an expensive drug that he cannot afford, should he steal the drug? If a patient who is fatally ill and in great pain begs for a mercy killing, should the physician agree? By analyzing the answers and particularly the reasoning by which his subjects reached their answers. Kohlberg determined t h... ...g means that the stages are not just isolated responses but general patterns of thought that will consistently show up across many different kinds of issues. The third concept is Invariant Sequence. Kohlberg believed that his stages unfolded in an invariant sequence. Children go form stage 1 to stage 2 and so on with out skipping a stage. Concept four is Hierarchic Integration. When Kohlberg said that his stages were hierarchically integrated, he meant that people do not lose the insights gained at earlier stages but integrate them into new, broader framework.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other studies confirm that moral development is sequential, moving from external to internal control. In other words, while young children behave in order to avoid punishment or receive approval from others, adults develop internal codes and regulate their own behavior even in the absence of external enforcement. However, criminologists have not found truly strong indications of the effect of moral development on criminal activity. Sociologists who compared the patterns of moral development between delinquents and no delinquents found some differences between the groups, but these differences were not conclusive.

Argumentative Essay-Underage Drinking

Jane Doe Ms. Smith English 11 17 October 2011 Underage Drinking and You According to Answers. com, an average of twelve thousand nine hundred eighty two people die a year from underage drinking; many of them being car accidents. With so many people underage drinking, I feel that the law should be heavily enforced that underage drinking is NOT okay. There should be no underage drinking, whatsoever, under the legal age of twenty one. Underage drinking is very hard on the human’s brain development. The front part of your brain, the decision maker, is not fully developed until you are an adult. Drinking before that age can impact your brains healthy development. Many people may not know how to handle drinking, and the amount that their body is consuming. Some people may argue that alcohol makes them â€Å"feel good. † These people obviously have no concept of life, because if you do other things you enjoy such as; sports, clubs, movies, hang out with friends, etc. You could find many other activities that can make you feel good. Underage drinking cause’s people to make bad decisions, such as; driving while intoxicated, becoming pregnant, and making a complete fool of themselves while intoxicated, are just be a few instances that can and will impact your life forever. Some individuals don’t understand what alcohol really does to the body. Beer has empty calories that will make you gain weight. Which is why a lot of alcoholics have larger stomachs, or another term many people use for these large stomachs is, â€Å"beer belly. Some people may say that alcohol helps you escape your problems and is a stress relevant. Alcohol will not only bring more stress onto your life, it will also bring more problems. As much as people may feel alcohol helps, it really won’t help. If you need help that bad, I would suggest a therapist to help you with your problems, not a depressant. So that doesn’t make a whole lot of sense. The last statement to be made about underage drinking is the fact that i t will start to make you feel completely careless. Your grades in school, and in life for that matter, will drop. School is a huge part of our everyday life. It is the main component to a happy future, because without your education you will not be successful in life. Most teens will argue that their brains are already developed and that â€Å"everyone is doing it†. In reality, your brain is actually not fully developed as told above. And everyone is not doing it, if everyone did it, everyone would be bums. The individuals, who are strong believers in not drinking alcohol while under the age, are very successful in life. But not all people will follow in their footsteps. There are many reasons to back up the fact that underage drinking should be heavily enforced. Remember how hard alcohol is on the brain, your bodily development, and the struggles it will make you go through in life. Alcohol is not the answer to any of our problems. Take a stand in your life and make the right decisions. What will you decide is the right choice for you?

The Despicable Daisy Buchanan Essay Essay Example

The Despicable Daisy Buchanan Essay Essay Example The Despicable Daisy Buchanan Essay Paper The Despicable Daisy Buchanan Essay Paper â€Å"On Wednesdays we wear pink† . Authoritative Mean Girls Regina George. Regina is the most beautiful. popular miss in school. Everyone seems to listen to her. But. under all her make-up. you can see she is besides the meanest and ugliest of them all. In Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Daisy Buchanan is Regina George. Daisy is by far the most contemptible character in the full novel. Despite her outer beauty. Daisy exemplifies true ugliness through her expressions and ditziness. selfishness and mercenary focal points. every bit good as her bad ethical motives and deficiency of duty. Looking at Daisy. she appears gorgeous indoors and out. She has the â€Å"full of money† voice that immediately draws people in like she is composed of good promises. But truly it is the complete antonym. The lone promise Daisy’s voice has is the promise of taking more people under her enchantment. â€Å"I’ve heard it said that Daisy’s mutter was merely to do people thin toward her ; an irrelevant unfavorable judgment that made it no less charming† ( 9 ) . Daisy has ever been the belle of the ball as verified by her maidenhood friend from Louisville. Jordan Baker. Daisy uses her physical visual aspect and flirty ways to derive attending for herself. demoing her true colourss. Daisy believes being her flirty and ditzy ego is the manner to derive people’s focal point. She clearly has experience in these ways as proven when she talks about the girl Pammy when she grows up: â€Å"I hope she’ll be a fool†¦that’s the best thing a miss can be in this universe. a beautiful small fool† ( 17 ) . Daisy’s figure one focal point in life is by far Daisy. Nothing else registries in her caput besides herself and. of class. her money. Her mercenary attitude leads to brutal egoism. Even at the immature age of 18. philistinism is the exclusive factor in the matrimony pick of Tom. When Jay Gatsby. her hapless first love. goes to war. Daisy promises to wait for him. However. shortly after he is gone. Daisy meets Tom Buchanan. Tom is from a societal household who could assure her the affluent life style she desires. This is all Daisy needs to cognize. She selfishly marries Tom. wholly go forthing Gatsby behind all for her ain personal wealth. Even Gatsby recognizes her compulsion with money. â€Å"She merely married you because I was poor† ( 130 ) . Although Gatsby did non see that as selfishness since Daisy is â€Å"perfect† in his eyes. her pick is without a uncertainty cold hearted. Throughout the book Daisy strings along two work forces ; her hubby. Tom. and her old love. Jay Gatsby. all for more egotistic attending. â€Å"I did love him once- but I loved you too† ( 132 ) . Frequently. Daisy’s selfish ways and love of the all-powerful dollar lead to her atrocious ethical motives and turning away of duty. When times get tough and things go incorrect. Daisy hides behind her money and goes someplace new. go forthing behind the state of affairs. For illustration. at the hotel Daisy gets put in the state of affairs of holding to pick between her two work forces. Tom and Jay. Right off. her first idea is to run off from the duty. â€Å"I won’t base this! Oh. delight let’s acquire out† ( 133 ) . On the manner place from the hotel. Daisy is driving Gatsby’s auto through the Valley of Ashes and hits Myrtle Wilson. immediately killing her. Daisy. being her usual ego. weeps and drives off from the scene. leting Gatsby to take incrimination. â€Å"But of class I’ll say I was† ( 143 ) . Daisy. killing another human being and non having up to it is hardhearted on so many degrees. For her to be able to wake up the following forenoon and experience all right is incorrect. turn outing her awful ethical motives. George Wilson. Myrtle’s hubby. is highly angry and out of control when he finds out the auto that hit his married woman belongs to Jay Gatsby. George. presuming he is to fault. shoots Gatsby and so himself. killing both. If Daisy would hold stopped at the accident and owned up to the decease of Myrtle. two more lives might hold been saved. Even lower. Daisy does non go to the funeral of Jay Gatsby. a adult male who. in a sense. took a slug for her. Daisy fled with Tom to a new location. go forthing no reference or anything behind. Sometimes the people ugliest on the exterior are the most beautiful on the interior. like Beauty and the Beast’s Beast. Although he is chilling and hairy on the surface. he is sweet and kindhearted the deeper in you go. Other times. there are people like Daisy. the complete antonym. In the terminal Daisy reveals herself for what she truly embodies. Despite how appealing and attractive she appears. her ugly side comes out the deeper the novel goes. She. as a individual. is proven to utilize her expressions all for the incorrect grounds. She centers her life on money and selfish ways. has corrupt ethical motives. and strongly lacks duty. Daisy Buchanan is by far the most contemptible and ugly character. Why wear pink on Midweeks when it is the interior that truly counts?

My Development as Interpreted by Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory Essays

My Development as Interpreted by Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory Essays My Development as Interpreted by Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory Essay My Development as Interpreted by Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory Essay After analyzing Bronfenbrenner’s theory (1979; Bronfenbrenner Ceci, 1994), I used it to interpret my development.   At the microscopic level (the child’s genetic characteristics, e.g., genetic sex, and predispositions), a probable predisposition towards being athletic interacted positively with my relationships with peers and involvement in team sports (mesosystem influences).   Another mesosystem influence, responsibilities in caring for my younger brothers and sister, influenced my values about children and career goals. Exosystem influences worked to my advantage since, for example, the mass media has glorified athletic success, and macrosystem influences, the general culture and its subgroups, led to a football scholarship, making it possible to attend college.   These influences led to enrolling in a Master’s program to prepare me for working with children having adjustment difficulties. At the time Bronfenbrenner was developing an ecological theory of development (1979), the social learning theory that development was a function of the environment acting on a passive child was dominant (Bandura, 1977).  Ã‚   Bronfenbrenner recognized that the child actively influenced environmental responses (1979).   As examples, happy babies elicit more responsive behaviors from caretakers than babies with more difficult temperaments (e.g., Keller Scholmerich, 1987) and sociable children receive more positive attention than shy children from their peers (e.g., Adler Adler, 1998).   Also contrary to social learning theory (Bandura, 1977), Bronfenbrenner recognized that while controlled experiments were important, we also needed to study children in their natural contexts, as they actually behaved in their homes, schools, playgrounds, etc., and that parents were only one of the important influences on development (1979).   His theory has been an important influence on curr ent theories, which have â€Å"moved beyond a focus on main effects of parenting to efforts to understand complex interactions between individuals and their environments† (Vandell, 2000, p. 700). Bronfenbrenner’s theory (1979) was that development began with the child, prior to environmental influences (the microsystem), then expanded to relationships in the mesosystem, i.e., early environmental influences children experienced directly, typically in their own neighborhoods, e.g., their immediate families, peers, schools.   Development also included indirect influences, the exosystem, e.g., public health services, school policies.   Contrary to Bronfenbrenner’s earlier observations (1970) and also to current research findings (e.g., Werner Smith, 1992), examples of indirect influences also included adults such as neighbors and extended family (1979).   Interactions with adults outside of one’s immediate family (e.g., neighbors, aunts, uncles) have positively influenced the development of children (e.g., Werner Smith, 1992).   The broadest influences, the macrosystem, were both the dominant culture and groups within this culture (e.g., socioeconom ic status, SES). Science is impersonal, and new empirical evidence should result in the modification of existing theory.   As Bandura was influenced by findings inconsistent with social learning theory and developed social-cognitive theory (1989), Bronfenbrenner revised his theory based on findings of behavioral-genetic researchers that there are inherited predispositions for a wide variety of personality characteristics (e.g., depression, Behar, 1980; attitudes, Tesser, 1993; alcoholism, Hill, 1990; shyness, Kagan, Reznick, Snidman, 1988).   In Bronfenbrenner’s revised bioecological theory, the microsystem, the child’s initial state, has been expanded in order to understand the extent to which these predispositions become manifested (i.e., how genotypes become phenotypes) by interacting with the influences in the other systems described above (2005; Bronfenbrenner Ceci, 1994). Influences on my development After my birth, my young mother worked and also returned to high school.   We lived in an urban lower SES environment, with a high crime rate, gangs, and easy access to drugs.   According to Bronfenbrenner (1979), the microsystem (i.e., me) would be interacting with less than favorable influences, beginning with the macrosystem’s (lower SES) influence on the exosystem (e.g., under-funding of schools and community services) and mesosystem (e.g., too little access to parents, too much access to drug-using, gang-member peers).   In an interview (Addison, 1992), Bronfenbrenner remained critical of our society’s failure to establish conditions where work and other settings were designed to incorporate the needs of families:   â€Å"We have to have social policies that enable family life and work to be carried on simultaneously†¦our country is far behind in   making the necessary rearrangements† (p. 17). Based on Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory (Bronfenbrenner Ceci, 1994), the genetic predispositions of the child, i.e., the microsystem, interacted with influences from the other levels.   I can make inferences about my own predispositions, based on autobiographical memories of events that occurred after the age of two or three (the ages most of us believe we were at the time of our reported earliest memories, Mullen, 1994).  Ã‚   Since childhood, I remember enjoying and excelling at sports, thus I probably was predisposed to being athletic.   This was a most fortunate predisposition because even in childhood, consistent with research (Adler Adler, 1998), being athletic resulted in high status among my peers, in turn increasing my confidence, and possibly a reason why I was sociable and made friends easily. Untangling predispositions is difficult because, for example, a predisposition for being athletic certainly could have contributed to my becoming sociable, but there also is a genetic predisposition for being sociable (i.e., extroversion,   Owen Sines, 1970), which, in turn, is a reason why children find it easy to make friends (Adler Adler, 1998).   In my case, as in most families, my relatives range from being highly extraverted to being highly introverted, with most being at neither extreme on the introversion-extraversion personality dimension.   Nonetheless, it is likely that a genetic predisposition for being athletic was a reason for being in a favorable position in terms of my mesosystem. Sports also led me to join church-sponsored teams and then middle- and high-school teams.   Despite the TV ads and despite the delusions of some parents, kids from all SES groups are involved, to varying extents, with drugs, especially marijuana (Johnston, O’Malley, Bachman, 1998).   Usage in my neighborhood was lower among team members than among other groups.   In lower SES neighborhoods (the macrosystem) similar to where I grew up, there was status associated with being in a gang.   The gang members were heavy users of drugs such as crack cocaine, cheaper than the cocaine available in higher SES groups, but nonetheless requiring money that could be made by dealing. Since poverty is a good predictor of criminal behavior (Bjerk, 2007), it isn’t surprising that low SES youth are over-represented, relative to middle-class youth, in the juvenile (so-called) justice system.   In my neighborhood, it wasn’t unusual for a preteen boy with a reputation for using crack to experience his first encounter with the long arm of the law, an influence from the macrosystem.   Contrary to exosystem influences on middle-class youth, the legal services available to low SES youth and the greater penalties given to offenses involving the less expensive crack cocaine probably would result in this preteen boy from my neighborhood winding up in a mesosystem consisting of young future criminals, AKA Juvenile Detention.   Many people are fond of theories of between-group genetic differences (not part of Bronfenbrenner’s theory), which often become best-selling junk psychology books (e.g., Herrnstein Murray, 1994).   Thus it is important to note that early (e.g., Dobzhansky Montagu, 1947, cited in Montagu, 1974) and continued consistent evidence (reviewed in Neisser, 1997) has disconfirmed theories of between-group genetic differences, and whatever genetic predispositions the preteen boy I described had were not a result of his low SES. My own involvement and talent in sports resulted in a football scholarship that made it possible for me to go to college.   There have been newspaper debates about what scholarships in high-profile sports imply about our culture’s values, but, for me, the macrosystem’s interaction with other systems was a blessing.   I had some thoughts about professional football, but my football-playing days ended after a knee injury.   Because of experiences with children, described below, I majored in criminal justice, hoping to find a job working with youthful offenders. My mesosystem includes five younger brothers and a younger sister.   My mom needed to work and she counted on me to care for my brothers and sister in her absence. My relationship with my mom has always been positive, and I did not resent having grown-up responsibilities.   In fact, I felt proud that my mom trusted me (a positive contribution to my mesosystem) and I began to learn that our society devalues the worth of caring for children.   I didn’t and don’t believe that the jobs older children in my neighborhood had – delivering newspapers, mowing lawns, etc. – were as rewarding as caring for my younger siblings.   In the world of adult work, daycare-center teachers and aides are among the most poorly paid workers, suggesting a cultural lack of concern (a macrosystem influence) about where we leave our children (influencing their microsystems). My own positive experiences with my siblings influenced my desire to work with children.   However, after I graduated from college, with a major in criminal justice, I wasn’t able to find such a job.   I became certified as an emergency medical technician, and, in this capacity, work as a firefighter, a job that is satisfying, but does not provide the rewards I had hoped to find in my work.   I enjoy being the father of two children, being involved in their lives and the lives of their friends, and I also enjoy coaching little-league football.   These activities, an important part of my mesosystem, are rewarding and have helped in convincing me to return to my earlier goal of working with children.   Thus, as described above, Bronfenbrenner’s levels of influence ultimately led to my enrollment in a Master’s program in General Human Services, a degree that will qualify me for jobs that involve working with children who are having difficulties in adjustin g to traumatic life events, such as child abuse.

Knowledge Management at Tata Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Knowledge Management at Tata - Essay Example This paper highlights that KM is a vital aspect of organisational development, especially because of the large quantities of information generated in the modern organisational environment and the growing importance of information. Information is currently the most powerful asset in contemporary management. It must be managed and developed well for maximum benefits to be derived from it. Tata followed three recommended steps in any pioneering any knowledge management program. First, it sought out and brought together employees with specialisations in different practices but who had no experience in implementing knowledge management. This was the most important step in the process because the company had no KM history. It had never had a KM culture before, and a major shift was required to make the initiative a success. Consequently, it would have been pointless for the company to go attempt to implement KM processes (collection, organisation, development, sharing, and usage) without a solid foundation on which to base those activities. By adopting a bottom-up strategy to KM, Tata ensured that both effectiveness and sustainability were built into the blueprint. In the case study, it is stated that the company felt that its initiatives gravitated towards a cultural transformation instead of a project.

Business law International Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business law International - Essay Example ies, France, UK and the United States who are planning to start a business in a tax haven would have to confront several issues that go along with international taxation, most especially the OECD proposals, an organization their countries are member States. Despite the fact that individual country has its unique Taxation System, all countries are bound to act in conformity with generally accepted International rules for taxing multinational companies and their citizens when they earn some amount of incomes from overseas. Hence, the rules highlighted below hold true for all international transactions currently undertaken among nations across the globe. 2 (a) Jurisdiction for taxation: The very first step in international taxation is the determination of which place or locality is eligible or has the rights to lay claims to the taxes payable by a company. There are some descriptions that could fit how a company’s jurisdiction may be determined. The first description defines a jurisdiction as the place or location where a company is legally registered or incorporated. Even though a business owner lives in France or UK or the US, but registers his/her company in, say Bahamas, the company’s jurisdiction, according to the definition above, is Bahamas. However, it is sometimes confusing to determine which jurisdiction to apportion to a company that is totally floated online: for example, the ICT companies. In this circumstance, a company’s jurisdiction may be said to be where the company’s main economic activities take place. In other words, the company’s jurisdiction would be where its majority of bus iness operations occur; like purchasing, marketing, shipping, selling and other business activities. For example, a seller on Ebay buys advertises and sells Chinese products in the United States has the US as its jurisdiction. The theory of jurisdiction then supports the fact that a multinational company or enterprise owes its taxes to all the jurisdictions where